This English lesson was originally written for HINT.
The Korean translation is first. The English translation is under it.
이 영어 수업은 원래 HINT를 위해 쓰였다.
한국어 번역이 먼저입니다. 영어 문서은 그 밑에 있다.
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Originally posted: 2018-10-26
(아직 번역이 안 끝났어요.)
영어 수업 #4 : 기본적인 문장구조이다 – 1부
단수형 = singular
복수형의 = plural
발음 = pronunciation
주제 = subject
목적어 = object
직접 목적어 = direct object
동사 = verb
명사 = noun
대명사 = pronoun
전치사 = preposition
전치사의 목적어 = object of preposition
전치사구 = prepositional phrase
축약형 = contraction
영어 문장의 기본 구조는 ‘(주제) (동사)이다.’
예를 들어:
“Hyejin ran.” (“혜진은 달렸다.”)
때때로 문장은 ‘직접 목적어’를 가질 수 있다.
‘(주제) (동사) (직접 목적어)’
예를 들어:
“Hyejin gave rice(밥).” (“혜진은 밥을 주었습니다.”)
때때로 문장은 ‘전치사구’를 가지지 있지만 ‘직접 목적어’은 가지지 아니다.
‘(주제) (동사) (전치사구)’
예를 들어:
“Hyejin ran to the store(가게).” (“혜진은 가게로 달려갔다.”)
때때로 문장은 ‘직접 목적어’ 앞에 ‘전치사구’를 사용하고 ‘전치사’가 생략되는 경우가 있다.
예를 들어:
“Hyejin gave Arra rice.”
“Hyejin gave rice (to) Arra.” (“혜진은 쌀을 아라에게 주었다.”)
하지만 다른 문장 구조가 있다.
때때로 사람들은 ‘직접 목적어’이 없는 문장에서 ‘전치사’가 없는 ‘전치사구’를 사용한다.
이것은 ‘전치사구’가 ‘직접 목적어’처럼 보이게 한다.
예를 들어:
“Walk(걷다) the dog(개).”
그 주제는 생략되었다. (주제가 생략되면, 주제는 ‘You’입니다.)
“(You) walk the dog.”
‘walk’는 동사이다. ‘dog’는 명사이다.
‘dog’가 ‘direct object’인 것 같네요, 그렇죠?
하지만 그 문장은 의미가 이상하다. 어떻게 사람이 ‘개를 걷다’ 수 있죠?
사람이 개를 위해 개의 다리들를 움직일 것인가?
문법은 정확해 보이지만 의미는 이상하다.
문법이 어그러졌기 때문이다. ‘전치사’는 생략되었다.
“Walk (with ‘와 함께’) the dog.”
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Originally posted: 2018-10-26
English Lesson #4 : Basic Sentence Structure – Part 1
단수형 = singular
복수형의 = plural
발음 = pronunciation
주제 = subject
목적어 = object
직접 목적어 = direct object
동사 = verb
명사 = noun
대명사 = pronoun
전치사 = preposition
전치사의 목적어 = object of preposition
전치사구 = prepositional phrase
축약형 = contraction
The basic English sentence structure is ‘(subject) (verb).’
For example:
“Hyejin ran.”
Sometimes a sentence can have a ‘direct object.’
‘(subject) (verb) (direct object)’
For example:
“Hyejin gave rice.”
Sometimes a sentence has a ‘prepositional phrase,’ but not a ‘direct object.’
‘(subject) (verb) (prepositional phrase)’
For example:
“Hyejin ran to the store.”
Sometimes a sentence uses a ‘prepositional phrase’ before a ‘direct object,’ and the ‘preposition’ is omitted.
For example:
“Hyejin gave Arra rice.”
“Hyejin gave rice (to) Arra.”
But there is another sentence structure.
Sometimes people use a ‘prepositional phrase’ without a ‘preposition’ in a sentence that does not have a ‘direct object.’
This makes the ‘prepositional phrase’ look like the ‘direct object.’
For example:
“Walk the dog.”
The subject is omitted. (When the subject is omitted, the subject is ‘you.’)
“(You) walk the dog.”
‘walk’ is a verb. ‘dog’ is a noun.
It looks like ‘dog’ is the ‘direct object,’ right?
But the sentence does not make sense. How can a person ‘walk the dog’?
Will the person move the dog’s legs for the dog?
The grammar looks like it is accurate, but the meaning is strange.
That is because the grammar is broken. A ‘preposition’ has been omitted.
“Walk (with) the dog.”
That sentence has a ‘verb’ and a ‘prepositional phrase.’ It isn’t a ‘verb’ and a ‘direct object.’
When a person walks with a dog, the dog can go anywhere, right?
Many prepositions could be accurate in that sentence. with, beside, behind, alongside, … Other prepositions would also be accurate.
Instead of using a preposition, the preposition has been omitted. The meaning can be understood.
This type of sentence structure can be used when the meaning is common or the situation is understood.
There is another type of sentence structure.
For example:
“We walked around.”
That sentence has a ‘subject’ and a ‘verb’ and a ‘preposition’, but the ‘object of preposition’ has been omitted.
“We walked around.” What did we walk around? The meaning is ambiguous.
But the meaning is understood in context in the situation.
Prepositions are important. A student must learn how to recognize when a preposition is missing or incomplete.
Singular / Plural
Some English words are singular. Some words are plural. Sometimes the spelling of a word is the same when the word is singular and when it is plural.
A common way of making a plural word is by adding ‘s’ or ‘es’ to the end of a singular word.
For example:
dress (singular), dresses (plural)
When a word does not end in ‘s’, we add ‘s’ to make it plural. When a word ends in ‘s’, we add ‘es’ to make it plural.
There are exceptions, but that is a common rule when making English words plural.
Some English words are borrowed from other languages. Those words have their own spelling and pluralisation rules. But many people don’t know which words are borrowed, so they use English pluralisation rules.
For example:
‘virus’ is a word that was borrowed from Latin. The plural form of the word is ‘virii.’ But many people commonly use ‘viruses’ as the plural word.
Pronunciation
In English, when two of the same consonants are beside each other, they indicate that the sound of the consonant should be stretched. They are almost never pronounced individually. The most common example of this is ‘ss’. ‘tt’ is another example.
When two vowels are next to each other, and they are both the same letter, it usually changes the sound of the vowel. For example, ‘oo’.
‘root’ sounds different compared to ‘rot.’
But sometimes the sound of the vowel is stretched. For example: ‘too’ and ‘to’.
When a ‘state of being’ verb is used, the verb is different based on whether the ‘subject’ of the sentence is singular or plural.
For example:
“HINT is working hard.”
“The HINT members are working hard.”
The verb ‘is’ is used when the subject is singular. It is also used when the subject is a noun that can be singular or plural.
Some words have the same spelling when they are singular or plural. For example: rice
The verb ‘are’ is used when the subject is plural.
‘HINT’ is singular because it is the name of a group. ‘members’ is plural.
‘HINT members’ is plural because the subject is ‘members.’ ‘HINT’ is used as an adjective that describes the subject. (An ‘adjective’ is a noun that describes another noun.)
‘you’ is used as both a singular and a plural word. So the plural verb ‘are’ is used when the subject is ‘you’.
For example:
“Are you coming?”
“You are invited to attend the event.”
Articles (a / an / the)
‘a / an’ means ‘one.’
A singular noun should be preceded by ‘a’ or ‘an.’ (Unless the noun is a name. A name should not be preceded by ‘a / an.’)
A plural noun should not be preceded by ‘a’ or ‘an.’
‘a’ is used when the noun begins with the sound of a consonant.
‘an’ is used when the noun begins with the sound of a vowel. The reason for this is because ‘a’ is a vowel sound.
When the noun begins with a vowel sound, ‘an’ is used so that the pronunciation is clear. ‘n’ is a consonant sound. It separates between the vowel sound of ‘a’ and vowel sound at the beginning of the noun.
Some words begin with silent letters. For example: ‘honest’
The ‘h’ in ‘honest’ became silent when pronunciation changed over the years. So ‘honest’ begins with a vowel sound.
The ‘k’ in ‘knife’ and ‘knight’ also became silent.
‘a/an’ means ‘one.’
‘the’ means ‘this specific (one).’
‘the’ can be used with singular and plural nouns. It shows that the noun has a special meaning.
‘a’ and ‘the’ are sometimes used as part of a name, such as the names of books and buildings.
‘a’ and ‘the’ should be included when writing or speaking the name because it is part of the name.
When ‘the’ is used with a plural noun, it includes everything that is part of that plural noun.
For example:
“The HINT members are working.” It means that all the HINT members are working.
“HINT members are working.” It means that some Hint members are working, but it does not indicate how many HINT members.
When ‘the’ is used in a sentence, it replaces ‘a.’
Notice the words ‘the’ and ‘a’ in these examples.
“It is a field.”
“It is the field.” It shows that the field has special significance.
“It is an athlete.”
“It is the athlete.” That sentence points to that athlete for a specific reason.
“They are athletes.”
“They are the athletes.”
Usually, the reason for using ‘the’ is understood in context. Sometimes the context is shown in the sentence.
Pay attention to where the word ‘the’ is used.
“They are the athletes who won the game.”
It means that they are the specific athletes who won a specific game.
“They are athletes who won the game.”
It means that they are athletes who won a specific game, but it does not indicate that they are the only athletes who won the game.
“They are the athletes who won a game.”
It indicates that they are the specific athletes who won a game, but it does not indicate which game they won.
‘it’ is a word that specifies something.
‘it’ is used to point to people, animals and objects.
‘they’ points to a group. It is the plural form of ‘it.’
‘she’ points to a female. (The female could be human or animal. Sometimes ‘she’ is used for objects to show that the speaker feels an emotional connection.)
‘he’ points to a male. (The male could be human or animal. Sometimes ‘he’ is used for objects to show that the speaker feels an emotional connection.)
Titles and Names
English does not use separate words when speaking to a man or a woman. (For example: ‘Noona’, ‘Unnie’) Everyone is ‘you’.
There are only separate words when speaking about a person. They are used to distinguish between male and female.
English does not have many words that are only used when speaking to someone younger or older.
In English, we do not usually need to use a title when speaking to someone. We do not usually use a title when we speak about someone.
It sounds strange in English when a person says ‘Hyejin sister’ when speaking about Hyejin. Because in English we only use the person’s given name.
A title would be used with a person’s full name or the person’s family name.
But we only use a title when a person has a title. English does not use words like ‘oppa,’ ‘noona,’ or ‘dongsaeng.’
‘Brother’ is used regardless of how old the brother is. ‘Sister’ is used regardless of how old the sister is. ‘Friend’ is used no matter how old the friend is.
A title or name is used to establish a person’s identity. We use ‘pronouns’ after the person’s identity has been made known.
‘You’
‘You’ is both a singular and a plural word. In the past, there were separate words used for singular and plural ‘you.’ In ancient times, there were five words used for ‘you’ based on the distance between the speaker and the person spoken to. There were different words used for different ways people were grouped. It was very complex.
In modern time, everything is simplified. ‘You’ is used when addressing a single person or a group.
‘You’ became the general usage for everyone because of influence from French. It became equated with a French word that showed respect to people above the speaker. Then it became used to show to someone of equal status. And then it became a word used to show respect to everyone, even strangers. And then it became the common form of address.
‘You’ began as a polite word.
‘You’ is a word that is commonly used. When the ‘subject’ in a sentence is omitted, the subject is ‘you.’
You = 당신 / …씨… / 그쪽 / 너…
The word ‘you’ cannot be omitted when the sentence is a question written in proper sentence structure.
“Are coming?” That just doesn’t sound right.
A problem can occur when the subject of the sentence is omitted. It can make the speaker sound bossy. So emotion should be used to indicate the context of the sentence when speaking.
Pronouns
‘He’ is the pronoun used for males.
‘She’ is the pronoun used for females.
‘They’ is the pronoun used for a group.
‘I’ is the pronoun used by the person who is speaking.
The same pronouns can be used for people and animals.
When a possessive pronoun is used, it replaces the word ‘the’. Because a pronoun is more specific than the word ‘the.’
‘He’, ‘she’, ‘they’, and ‘I’ are the pronouns that are used for the subject in a sentence.
‘Him’, ‘her’, ‘them’, and ‘me’ are pronouns used as ‘objects of preposition’ in a sentence.
‘His’, ‘hers’, ‘their’, ‘my’, and ‘mine’ are pronouns that show ownership belonging to a person.
The usage of some pronouns is a little complex.
For example:
“She gave the rice to him.”
‘She’ is used as the subject and ‘him’ is used as the object of preposition.
“He gave the rice to her.”
‘He’ is used as the subject. ‘her’ is used as the object of preposition.
“The rice is his.”
‘His’ is used as the ‘direct object.’
“The rice is hers.”
‘Hers’ is used as the direct object.
‘His’ means ‘belonging to him.’ ‘Hers’ means ‘belonging to her.’
“It is his rice.”
‘His’ is used like an adjective to describe who owns the ‘direct object.’
“It is her rice.”
‘Her’ is used like an adjective to describe who owns the ‘direct object.’
Notice that ‘her’ is used like an adjective and also used as the ‘object of preposition.’
‘Him’ is used as an ‘object of preposition.’
‘His’ is used as a direct object and is used like an adjective to indicate ownership.
‘Hers’ is used as a ‘direct object.’
The pronoun used for males and females is different when the pronoun is used as a ‘direct object’ or used like an adjective.
The pronoun ‘I’ is used as the subject of the sentence.
For example:
“I gave rice.”
‘mine’ is used as the direct object in a sentence. The word ‘mine’ shows ownership belonging to the speaker.
For example:
“The rice is mine.”
The word ‘my’ also shows ownership and is used like an adjective.
“It is my rice.”
‘Me’ is a pronoun used as an ‘object of preposition.’
For example:
“They gave me rice.”
“They gave the rice to me.”
‘You’ is also a pronoun. It is used as the subject and the ‘object of preposition’ in a sentence.
For example:
“You gave me rice.”
“You gave rice to me.”
“He gave rice to you.”
“They gave you rice.”
‘Your’ is used as an indicator of ownership. It is used like an adjective in the sentence.
“It is your rice.”
‘Yours’ is used to show ownership as a ‘direct object.’
“The rice is yours.”
‘it’ is a singular pronoun. It can be used for anything singular. But it is impolite to use ‘it’ as a subject when used in reference to a person. (Sometimes ‘it’ is used when referring to a baby when we don’t know whether the baby is male or female.)
‘it’ is used as a ‘subject’, and an ‘object of preposition’.
For example:
“It gave rice.”
“They gave rice to it.”
‘its’ is used as the possessive word. It is used as a ‘direct object’ and it is used like an adjective.
For example:
“The rice is its.”
“Look at its rice.”
‘They’ is the plural form of ‘it’. ‘They’ is used as a ‘subject.’
For example:
“They gave rice to it.”
‘Their’ is used like an adjective.
For example:
“It is their rice.”
‘Theirs’ is used as a ‘direct object.’
For example:
“It is theirs.”
‘Them is used as an ‘object of preposition’.
For example:
“He gave them rice.”
“He gave rice to them.”
Singular Ambiguous (모호한) Pronoun
In English, a male pronoun should be used if we don’t know whether the person is male or female.
However, people have found a need to use a pronoun that is not specifically male or female.
So some people use ‘them’ and ‘their’ when talking about one person whose gender is not known. We do this because we do not have English pronouns that are singular that can be used for both males and females. (And it is impolite to use ‘it’ when referring to a person.)
Some people use ‘it’ when referring to themselves, but that is mostly used in the sentence “It’s me.”
Contractions
“it’s” is a contraction of “it is” or “it has”.
Some words can be shortened by contracting them into other words.
For example:
it is = it’s (so nice!)
is not = isn’t
Any word that ends with “ n’t ” is a contraction of that word and “not”.
are not = aren’t
you are = you’re
they are = they’re
A word that ends with “ ‘re “ is a contraction of that word and “are” (some old English word do not follow that rule. For example, some words used in old English poetry).
Only two words can be contracted together.
Please don’t do this:
you’ren’t (The pronunciation is not clear.)
Some words sound similar, such as “you’re” and “your”, and “their” and “they’re”. But they are different words and the pronunciation of each word is different.
Do you have any questions so far?
This is the final lesson before the first exam.